Sciatica is pain that originates in the lower back and travels along the path of the sciatic nerve, the longest and widest nerve in the human body. The sciatic nerve branches off from the lower spine and runs through the buttocks and down the back of each leg, ending just below the knee.

Sciatica is a symptom, not a condition itself, and can be caused by a variety of underlying problems that irritate or compress the sciatic nerve. The most common cause of sciatica is a herniated disk, which occurs when the soft material between the vertebrae in the spine bulges or leaks out. Other causes of sciatica include spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal that can put pressure on the nerves, piriformis syndrome, a condition in which the piriformis muscle, located deep in the buttock, compresses the sciatic nerve, and pregnancy, which can put strain on the lower back and irritate the sciatic nerve.

Symptoms of sciatica

The most common symptom of sciatica is pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, from the lower back down the buttocks and leg. The pain can vary from a mild ache to a sharp, burning pain. It can also feel like a jolt or electric shock. Other symptoms of sciatica may include:

  • Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
  • Weakness in the leg or foot
  • Difficulty moving the leg

Diagnosis of sciatica

There is no single test that can diagnose sciatica. Doctors typically diagnose sciatica based on a patient’s medical history and a physical examination. During the physical examination, the doctor will check for muscle weakness, numbness, and tingling in the leg. The doctor may also order imaging tests, such as an X-ray or MRI, to rule out other causes of pain, such as a tumor or fracture.

 

 

Treatment of sciatica

Most cases of sciatica improve with conservative treatment, such as:

  • Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen
  • Physical therapy to stretch and strengthen the muscles in the back and legs
  • Applying heat or ice to the affected area
  • Rest

In some cases, stronger pain relievers, such as prescription medication, may be needed. If conservative treatment does not relieve the pain, surgery may be an option.

 

 

Prevention of sciatica

There is no guaranteed way to prevent sciatica, but there are things you can do to reduce your risk, such as:

  • Maintaining good posture
  • Strengthening the muscles in your core and back
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Avoiding smoking
  • Practicing good ergonomics when sitting and lifting